The influence of a person's sex on his or her longevity is a complex topic that encompasses biological, behavioral, and social aspects. Below are some of the main factors that, according to medical research, explain how and why a person's sex influences life expectancy:
1. Biological Factors
Genetics
Women have two X chromosomes, while men have one X and one Y chromosome. It has been suggested that the second X chromosome in women may offer an advantage in terms of longevity, as it can compensate for genetic defects that appear on one of the chromosomes. Due to the genetic redundancy of the X chromosome, women's ability to compensate for harmful mutations, protection against X-linked diseases, and regulation of the immune system is greater than in men, who only have one X chromosome. These factors contribute to a greater capacity for women to resist diseases and maintain health throughout life.
In contrast, the primary function of the Y chromosome in men is the development of male sexual characteristics. The SRY gene (sex-determining region on the Y) is crucial for the development of testes and the production of testosterone, the male sex hormone.
The Y chromosome is significantly smaller than the X chromosome and contains fewer genes. While the X chromosome has around 1,100 genes, the Y chromosome has approximately 50-200 genes, many of which are related to sex determination and sperm production. However, it has less genetic redundancy and lacks many of the genes responsible for DNA repair, which can contribute to aging and the onset of age-related diseases.
Hormones
Estrogen, a predominant hormone in women, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can protect against cardiovascular diseases and other health issues that affect longevity. Estrogen also has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
In contrast, testosterone, produced under the influence of the Y chromosome, has both positive and negative effects. While it is crucial for reproductive health and muscle mass, it has also been associated with risky behaviors, increased aggression, and potential negative effects on the cardiovascular system. These factors may influence the higher male mortality rate compared to women.
2. Behavioral and Social Factors
Women tend to adopt healthier lifestyles, such as maintaining a balanced diet, not smoking, and consuming less alcohol compared to men. They are more likely to seek regular medical attention and follow medical recommendations, leading to early detection and treatment of diseases. Women also tend to have broader and stronger social networks and rely on these networks for emotional and social support. They are inclined to express and manage stress in ways that are beneficial for mental and physical health. Social support is linked to better health outcomes and greater longevity.
Conversely, men often face pressure to hide their emotions, frequently adopt riskier behaviors, and tend to avoid seeking help when needed until it is very urgent.
In general, all aspects of healthcare are crucial to counteract the accelerated deterioration promoted by fast-paced lifestyles, especially in large cities and due to the very nature of the human body. Medical check-ups supported by useful clinical analyses for accurate medical diagnosis performed by professionals, such as those at Certolab Medical Laboratory, are key to preventing and maintaining good health and quality of life.
